BTEC Unit

Complete all columns In the table below. Functions/skills of management Functions/skills of leadership Differences between management and leadership Planning Identifying workloads, responsibilities, collective goals. Delegating tasks and responsibility and ensuring employees work together to meet personal and workforce goals. Planning Staffing requirements and Rota's Recruitment, selection & placement. Training & development. Performance appraisal. Supervision Leadership Communication Ensuring employees are performing their roles too high standard.Taking capillary action if and when required Ensuring legal obligations are met Setting objectives for the team and the individual Planning SMART objectives and making sure the team are aware of them and motivated to meet them. Communicating and ensuring open channels of communication. Team Building supporting team members to achieve the goal as a collective Evaluating performance and using training to support team members to build on weakn esses. Motivating members of the team through smaller goals, praise, and reinforcement. Organizing and ensuring that strengths and weaknesses of the team re accounted for.Showing commitment and enthusiasm and working within the team to support its members to reach their objective. Being a leader is a skill of a good manager however you can be a manager without being a leader. Some managers can identify workloads, delegate and supervise but they do not inspire, motivate and lead effectively. In some cases the lack of leadership can be negated by a strong and motivated team however in other cases It can cause a team to fracture and not succeed to meet their objective. Outcome 2, AC 1- written question Describe the methods of allocating work to others?Why is planning and agreement of these important? In order to allocate work to teams and individuals, you need to decide with your team how to distribute tasks and responsibilities. You need to make sure this allocation makes best use of their strengths, and provides opportunities for employees to learn and develop in their roles. You need to make it clear what is expected of team members and check their commitment to their work. By planning this with team members both as a group and individually you will promote ownership of roles and increase each members dedication to meeting their individual and group objectives.Team members can request training to develop their knowledge and aspire towards more responsibility and greater tasks. Outcome 2, AC 2 – table Complete all columns within the table below. Types of conflict Ways of managing conflict Outcomes to managing conflict in this way 1 . Interdependence Conflicts. For example key worker / case holder, both employees rely on the other to complete their tasks so they can effectively complete theirs. If one person in this relationship does not do their work the other cannot complete theirs. 2. Differences in Style.Employees may have different priorities or idea s around what s important when completing a task. They may be goal or person orientated. Neither may be wrong however lack of understanding of working styles can cause conflict. 3. Differences in Background/Gender. Conflicts can arise between people because of differences in educational backgrounds, personal experiences, ethnic heritage, gender and political preferences. 4. Differences in Leadership. Employees who change from one leader to another can become confused and irritated by the different leadership styles.They may be use to a directive leader and find it difficult to manage a more nurturing approach Having a quiet word Investigating the problem informally Using internal procedures – for example, company procedures for dealing with grievances Improving the way you communicate and consult with employees Team Meetings This can sometimes resolve a conflict without the need for escalation This may be a supervisor or manager investigating the cause of conflict and taking action without the need for official procedures.This is a more formal route and will involve the manager and any HER or union representatives. A formal outcome will be reached up to and including dismissal. The company's overall goals. Allows staff to air their grievances in a positive and constructive manner. Why is it important that you recognize causes of conflict within a team? Motivation drops: fewer people volunteer to take on new tasks and there is little employee input at staff meetings or handovers. Behavior changes: people start to make derogatory remarks towards each other and a culture of gossip, and back stabbing is created.Productivity falls: there are likely to be more queries and complaints if people are not cooperating with each other. Sickness absence increases: unhappiness may lead to depression, or avoidable sickness. Unit 1 Outcome 2, AC 3 – written question Analyses the link between leadership skills and motivation? Motivation is goal-oriented behavior, and leaders influence behavior to and therefore whether or not employees achieve goals. To promote and uphold motivation on the part of employees, leaders carefully manage individual and organizational performance to reach goals that are clearly achievable.Motivation requires employees to believe that they can accomplish the task. Individuals are less likely to work toward a goal if it has little or no probability of success. Effective leaders communicate with employees to assess levels of maturity, kill and self-esteem. They promote the training, support and coaching necessary to build confidence and develop mission-essential skills. Ineffective leaders have the opposite effect; they belittle employees and their work and don't train or nurture employees so the likely hood of them buying into and ultimately achieving the goal is significantly reduced.Outcome 3, AC 1 – written question Delegation is a way of getting a Job done by someone else. This does not mean allowing anybo dy to do your Job as you don't want to but identifying the appropriate person to complete a task effectively, allowing you to strategically manage. To ensure delegation is effective the following criteria must be met: Staff know what is wanted of them They have the authority to achieve it they know how to do it. They can make decisions and complete the task whilst meeting the aims of the company.Unit 1 Outcome 3, AC 2 – written question Describe ways of coordinating delegated work? After delegating work it is important to stay in control and coordinate the work whilst refraining from stifling staff and dictating what they do. Ask for regular feedback, weather daily weekly or monthly and be prepared to teach and guide staff as well as old them accountable for their actions and work. Good communication skills are imperative as when coordinating delegated work this may mean coordinating the work of multiple staff members across several teams.Arrange and chair meetings between al l parties and ensure that communication if fluid between individuals as well as with management. If any of your staff falls short of your expectations, by being irresponsible or not completing a task, replace that person. On the other hand, if any of them does a good Job, praise, motivate, and increase the self confidence of that person. Outcome 3, AC 3 – written question Analyses possible psychological barriers to delegation? Feeling of superiority: Managers may feel that they should be seen to have the more ‘important' or ‘managerial' tasks as this will Justify their position.Fear of exposure: Senior staff may feel that if they delegate their workload and it is easily achieved by staff members then they will be seen as unimportant or at risk of employees trying to take their Job as it is achievable. Feeling of indispensability: If their Job can be done by someone else they may become dispensable and less needed or important to the companies objectives. Unit 1 Ou tcome 4, AC 1 – written question Describe the value of setting agreed work objectives with team members?Setting objectives in consultation with the supervisor allows staff the opportunity to express the way the Job gets done, raise concerns or ideas about what is to be accomplished. ‘Sharing the load' increases the staff member's commitment and motivation to achieve the agreed objectives. Ensures that the staff member understand what the allocate their time and resources effectively. Provides a clear understanding of how the work will be measured and evaluated, enabling the staff member to assess their win performance, and make any improvements where required.Outcome 4, AC 2 – table Ways of providing support to meet work objectives with team members Benefits to each type of support Induction Training Supervision Appraisal If every new starter completes a clear and comprehensive training programmer then they will be supported to fully understand the company's aims and how their role meets these aims. They will know what is expected of them and how to fulfill each task. Training develops knowledge and also provides refreshers to employees throughout their career. It reminds them not only of what to do but how to do it.Supervision takes place regularly and gives supervisor and supervise the opportunity to reflect on the supervises work practices, identify any areas which the supervise needs additional support or training. Allows the employee to reflect and develop a personal development plan which will outline objectives for the following year. It also enables the employer to make the Outcome 5, AC 1 – written question Outline ways of developing a quality culture in the workplace? Lead by example: Employees take the lead from their manager. By showing a positive practical and problem solving approach it is likely that employees will follow this example.Training: This supports employees to understand the company's objectives, how their r ole meets these objectives and supports them to have the knowledge and ability to meet their own criteria. Involve staff: The more staff are involved and consulted the more ownership they will take of a project. This goes on to increase their drive dedication and commitment to meeting the goals of the company. Try different approaches: If something isn't working don't be afraid to change it. This promotes problem solving and creativity. Outcome 5, AC 2 – written question Describe possible barriers to promoting quality in the workplace?People not knowing hat is expected: If people do not receive proper training and induction processes they may not fully understand their role, the companies aim and therefore how to provide it. Managers focusing on a quick fix: Being under pressure to fix problems may lead to a ‘band aid' approach rather than long term solutions. This may provide immediate results but will not lead to quality and consistency. Not knowing who's responsible: Without clear accountability and responsibility projects may not be managed and staff may not fully commit for fear of being held accountable for something they are not sure if they are responsible for.

Principles and Theories of ethics Essay

In their quest to seek for solutions on ethical issues, human beings have constantly been formulating theories. These theories form an important point from where any investigation should be launched. As people invent new ideas or even improve on the current existing ideas, more challenges and complications come up. This has been observed in the modern world where scientific advancement has seemed to dominate in every field of knowledge. Among these fields of scientific inventions is the medical field which many people have believed to reduce the mortality rate and at the same time increased the life expectancy among many people in the world. Despite all these, fertility rate has seemed to reduce among the people while the terminal illnesses have been rapidly increasing. It is this reason that many doctors and medical practitioners have joined hands to look for long lasting solutions to these problems. Some of these solutions have been unearthed, which include the use of stem cells in treating patients with these problems. This has however raised many questions especially on issues concerning ethical justifications. This paper therefore examines two of such works that were carried out by Dr Shroff and Dr. Kerkis as reported in articles entitled ‘mice have been used to make human sperm’ and ‘Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe’ respectively. (http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html ; http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors ) According to Rainbow C, there exist four principles of ethics. These include; least harm, justice beneficence and respect for autonomy. According to the principle to the principle of least harm, it is prudent to make a choice that will harm the least number of people. The choice made should also result to the least harm to the people involved. In the modern world, there are so many men who are willing to have children but unable because their sperms are not viable. According to the research, there is still hope for couples who experience such problems. The use of mice in production of human sperms therefore adheres to the principle of least harm and thus justices the use of mice in production of viable human sperms. The extraction of the dental pulp from teeth is however harmful but there harm is less as compared to the inability of a man to produce viable sperms. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The principle of justice on the other hand encourages actions that are fair to the concerned. Such a decision should be consistent and based on logic unless justified otherwise by existence of justified extenuating circumstances. In the case of mice and human sperm cells production, it should be noted that the men are first given the opportunity to try their best to get children in the natural way. Professional medical practitioners who exploit any other alternative of dealing with such a situation confirm their inability. The couples are finally given the chance to choose what is good for them and thus the use of mice is only for those who are willing. This therefore adheres to the principle of justice. Dr Kerkis has also made it clear that she first used stem cells from dental pulp that was extracted from ‘a male donor’. It therefore means that the process is justified by the adhearing to the principle of justice since the consent of the concerned was first sought. (http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm ; http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html) According to beneficence principle, people must do all that is seen to be good. Just like the utility principle, it is always advisable to maximize what is good and minimize the evil. It is very true to say that the greater the amounts of good that people do, the more the benefits. According to this principle, production of viable human sperm cells by mice will do well to those who are unable. Apart from improving the psychological health of the concerned, it will also strengthen family bonds that may otherwise be weakened by the inability to get children especially in those communities where children are highly valued as an important ingredient in a happy marriage. (http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html ) According to the principle of respect for autonomy, it is very important to ‘allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives ’. This is based on the fact that only an individual can understand why he/she chooses a particular lifestyle. Since every human being must be respected, any decision, especially that which involves intimate issues, must come from him. In order to do so, he must get enough information in the consequences and finally, his consent must be obtained. The reason is because every human being has hisher emotions and motivations that heshe understands from hisher own life experiences. It is the right for every person to lead a life style that he she actually enjoys in which the control over it is vested in hisher decision. It is however important to realize that there exists two perspectives of autonomy respects; paternalists and libertarians views. According to paternalistics, ‘an authority prioritizes a dependent person’s best interests over the dependent person’s wishes’. In the case of mice and human sperms, since the man is aware of his inability to produce viable sperms even though he may wish to have children, he has the freedom to choose to live without them. If he decides so and realizes more satisfaction without the children than using mice to produce viable sperms, he becomes libertarian. When his wife and medical practitioner convinces him to use mice to get children, the principle of autonomy is violated and he becomes a paternalistic since his wish may not be based on the use of mice in producing the viable sperms even though his interest is to get children. Libertarian perspective is therefore observed when the person’s wish is prioritized over hisher best interest. The person maintains hisher autonomy over hisher decision. (Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, pp. 42) In the case of stem cells treatment for the paralyzed man is Australia, the principle of least harm is violated since the extraction of the embryonic stem cells will cost the life of the unborn child irregardless of whether the concerned woman’s consent was given or not. Human life ideally begins after fertilization and it is wrong to deprive the unborn of its right to live in favor of a person who has already had the chance to be born. If such actions were to be encouraged, many people will never live to be born and this will cause more harm than treating the paralyzed people especially if Dr Shroff’s vision is to be realized as expressed by her hopes â€Å"her technology would be made available around the world to patients suffering from incurable diseases and terminal conditions. † Dr Shroff’s technology also contradicts the principle of justice. The fact that there are many incurable diseases and terminal conditions that may be cured using embryonic stem cells does not justify the act of depriving the unborn the right to life. It will therefore be an act of injustice to deprive the unborn of their right to life. The only extenuating circumstance should be when the woman’s pregnancy threatens the life of both the unborn and its mother. The doctor’s advice should be sought and any alternative exploited before the decision to terminate the pregnancy and donate the embryonic stem cells is arrived. It should be realized however that this would result to paternalistic autonomy. Dr Shroff’s technology will also violate the principle of beneficence. This is because the embryo will not benefit in any way from the act of donating its stem cells. The embryo itself cannot give permission to donate the stem cells. The principle of autonomy is not spared either. The patient may enjoy a paternalistic autonomy but the embryo, which is indeed a human being does not have autonomy to decide on whether to donate the stem cells or not . For a person to make any sound decision on any issue, the principles however form the basis of ethical themes. According to rainbow C, there are five major ethical theories. These include virtual ethical theory, deontological theory, casuist theory and utilitarianism ethical theory. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to virtual ethical theory, a person is not judged through his/her actions but through his/her character. An action may not necessary indicate a persons normal behavior since behavior and action are normally conflicting. It is however important to observe an individual’s reputation, motivation and morals while making any judgment on any behavior that may seem to be unusual, irregular or unethical. It should however be observed that any individuals change of character is not put into consideration in this theory. This theory justifies the use of embryonic stem cells in the treatment of paralyzed patients. The assumption is that the doctors and the medical practitioners who actually carry out the process of extracting and injecting the stem cells into his/her victims body are people who are trusted and socially approved by the members of the community. Their character justifies their actions and thus they should not be questioned about what they do as long as a patient’s life is saved. The act of extracting the embryonic stem cells cannot be used to prove the doctor as guilty of murder as long as his/her record of accomplishment in this profession of medicine is clean. According to Rainbow C, the society’s rights are ethically correct and must be protected and prioritized while making any decision. All societies’ rights are ethically valid because the majority in any society endorses them. Those who have the power and resources may bestow rights upon people. The society is therefore responsible for deciding on what should be considered as a society is right. The issue of mice producing viable human sperm cells may not be welcomed by many societies. This is because many people do not think that human beings and animals especially the mice can share sperm cells. A child produced by such sperms may be isolated from the other people and this may cause more suffering and harm to it than good. Termination of human life is also unacceptable in the society. This is evident in countries where Christianity is the dominant religion. If the use of contraceptives is criminalized in such societies, it is even worse to extract embryonic stem cells to treat paralyzed people or even those with terminal illnesses. In such societies, everybody has the right to live and those people who are already born should seek medication incase of any ailment but not to destroy a life in order to save themselves. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to deontological theory, people’s obligation and duties that have been assigned to them should guide them in the process of solving ethical dilemmas. By so doing, the person is believed to have done what was ethically correct. Doctors should help sick people. In this case, sickness refers to any abnormal functioning or dysfunctional of any body organ. Those people who cannot produce viable sperm cells should seek medical attention and the doctors have a duty and obligation to ensure that such people can get children. The theory therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions. It is a doctor’s obligation to ensure that all incurable diseases and terminal conditions are adequately dealt with. The casuist ethical theory is based on the assumption that the current dilemma in question can be successfully solved in a similar way to previously solved dilemmas. This theory therefore compares the current ethical problem with past and similar ethical dilemmas that were successfully solved. It therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions since their previous works as medical practitioners have been reported to bare good fruits. It however fails to acknowledge that a similar ethical dilemma may not have been witnessed before. (http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 ; http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The utilitarianism ethical theory supports any choice that produces the most benefit to most people. Such a choice is seen to be ethically correct. This theory therefore foresees the outcome of an act and judges it based on the benefits that are likely to accrue. There are two types of utilitarianism. These include act utilitarian and rule utilitarianism. According to rainbow c, â€Å" In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just means available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes beneficence at the same time† (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) Two or more of these ethical theories should be combined in order to make the best ethical decision. For instance, I would solve Dr Kerkis dilemma by applying utilitarianism ethical theory, rights ethical theory and casuist ethical theory. I would also solve Dr Shroff’s ethical dilemma by applying rights ethical theory, utilitarianism ethical theory and virtue ethical theory. (http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html ) Conclusion All the ethical theories have common goals that must be achieved for them to be successful. These common goals are the previously discussed ethical principles. It is important to realize that different points are emphasized by the theories that help people to arrive at a decision that is ethically correct. Different people usually use ethical theories in a different way depending on their individual experiences. The theories and principles of ethics lay a good foundation of analyzing actions since they guide people in making ethical decisions. This means that whether Dr Kerkis and/or Dr Shroff are justified or not to proceed with their work or not depends on which principle as well as the ethical theory an individual bases his /her ethical analysis. References Rainbow C, Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles, [Retrieved] 8th August, 2008, [From] http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm Lancaster University, Ethical theories [Retrieved] 4th August, 2008. [From] http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm Ethical theories compared http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html relations between utilitarian, deontological, and Aristotelian ethical theories Lawrence M. Hinman, Introduction: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory Excerpted from: Lawrence M. Hinman, Contemporary Moral Issues, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1999). Ethical theories [Retrieved] 1st August 2008, [From] http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html Ethical Theories, Principles, and Decision-Making Models, [Retrieved] 3rd August, 2008 [From] http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research: Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research, SAGE. Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html Perth now Sunday times, July 7th, Mice to replace men as sperm donors http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors

Employee Hit and Injured by Overhead Travelling Crane Case Study

Employee Hit and Injured by Overhead Travelling Crane - Case Study Example The crane operator did not activate the alarm when he found the injured employee in the non-designated area. On inspection, he reported that alarm signal was out of order and he did not inform about it to anyone. He also did not care to warn the injured employee in time. The injured employee was under stress- The employee was new and facing some disciplinary action in the company. Perhaps he was stressed when the accident happened because as per the information provided by a senior employee, when the employee got hit, the overhead crane was traveling at a very slow speed. He may have avoided being hit, had he been alert. Lack of cordiality and concern between the new and old employees- No appropriate action was taken by the other employees deployed in the area where the accident occurred. There existed a clear-cut lack of cordiality and amity between the senior and new employees. Lack of mentoring roles- Commitment to workplace safety is something that the new employees imbibe from the senior mentors. There existed a lack of mentoring provisions in the work area, which could have prevented the accident. Promulgation of Company’s Safety Regulations amongst the New Employees- All the new employees are urgently called to a meeting where a senior foreman promulgates and explains in detail the Company’s Safety Regulations to them. Crane Operator- The crane operator, operating the crane during the accident is sent on leave for the time and it is assured that all the operators henceforth operating the crane are suitably trained and experienced in handling all aspects of the crane operations. An inquiry is ordered as to why the crane operator did not warn the injured employee in time. Fixing of accountability- The senior foremen deployed on the shop floors will be conveyed that it is they who will have to assure that all the employees abide by the Company’s Safety Regulations while being on the shop floor. Senior foremen will be extended the requisite authority on an immediate basis. Qualification and Experience- Strict qualification and experience associated norms will be adhered to while recruiting the new employees.  

Importance of Being a Learned Person in a 21st Century Socioeconomic Essay

Importance of Being a Learned Person in a 21st Century Socioeconomic Society - Essay Example an society today, it has become the culture to work for a salary to pay for the expenses of living and the increasing unemployment rates in the country, however means that there is going to be a lot of hardship for the unemployed individuals, and their families. Most of the people who end up being unemployed are those who have not gone to college and therefore cannot be considered to be learned. This has created a situation where whenever there are any economic problems, then these people do not have the necessary skills either to move to another sector of the economy, or move into another country where there are more opportunities for their own advancement. Being a learned person is a fact which ensures that an individual has the best options in life since they can be able to have flexibility not only within their societies, but also at the international level (Boardman and Sandomir 36). There have developed quite a number of reasons why there is a high unemployment rate in the coun try and most of these are related to the low number of individuals who can be considered to be learned. In many instances, this comes as a surprise and people are hardly ever prepared for them and when these newly unemployed individuals attempt to get other jobs, their potential employers are often exceedingly wary because of the fact that they do not meet the necessary academic qualifications to take on new jobs when their previous ones come to an end (Dash 10). Another cause of the high rates of unemployment in the United States are instances where individuals get laid off their work because their positions are no longer needed by their employers and this is largely because of the introduction of new technology and without the necessary skills that can only be acquired from a good... This essay specifies numerous advantages, that obtainment of quality education brings to a person`s life. In the modern world, one of the most important aspects that define individuals is based on the level of education that an individual has achieved and because of this, many individuals often strive to achieve academic excellence. Education is a basic human right that nobody in the whole world should be denied and it is necessary for it to be made universal. Education is necessary when dealing with almost all aspects of life, because individuals have to make the most educated decisions about all that they do. It is a well known fact that people have to study to a certain level in order to get the kind of job that is equivalent to that level of education. Quite a number of individuals all over the world, however, tend to start businesses without having to study. Most of the people who end up being unemployed are those who have not gone to college and therefore cannot be considered to be learned. In fact, an individuals who is learned can be able to work anywhere in the entire world as their knowledge and skills are universal and can be used by many different countries. The importance of individuals being learned has to be taken seriously because this is the only way through which they can be able to survive in an increasingly globalised world. Individuals, who acquire an education, are the best suited to succeed in the current world, because being learned ensure the breaking of all the possible constraints